What Is a Salt Bridge

A salt bridge is a connection containing a weak electrolyte between the oxidation and reduction half-cells in a galvanic cell  (e.g., voltaic cell, Daniell cell). Its purpose is to keep the electrochemical reaction from reaching equilibrium too quickly. If a cell is constructed without a salt bridge, one solution would quickly accumulate positive charge while the other would accumulate negative charge. This would halt the reaction and thus the generation of electricity. Types of Salt Bridges The two main types of salt bridges are a glass tube and a piece of filter paper: Glass Tube Bridge: This is a U-shaped glass tube filled with an electrolyte, such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or potassium nitrate. The electrolyte needs to be relatively unreactive with other chemicals in the cell and have cations and anions with similar migratory speed (comparable ion charge and molecular weight). Because a salt solution could easy diffuse into the cell, the electrolyte is often held in a gel, such as agar-agar. The concentration of the salt solution is the biggest factor in conductivity. The diameter of the tube also has an effect. Lowering the concentration of the electrolyte or narrowing the glass tube lowers conductivity. Filter Paper Bridge: Another common type of salt bridge consists of filter paper or another porous material soaked in an electrolyte (usually sodium chloride or potassium chloride). In this bridge, conductivity is affected by electrolyte concentration, porosity of the filter paper, and the roughness of the paper. A smooth, absorbent paper yields higher conductivity than rough paper with low absorbency. Reference Hogendoorn, Bob (2010).  Heinemann Chemistry Enhanced (2). Melbourne, Australia: Pearson Australia. p.  416.

Competing Models Of Corporate Governance - 1398 Words

2.1 Corporate governance There are two main competing models in corporate governance. Stakeholder method Under the stakeholder model of corporate governance, firms owned and controlled by small number of major shareholders. This model of corporate governance often called as the relationship based method due to the close relationship maintained between companies and their major shareholders. This close relationship, little separation of ownership and control minimises the agency problem. However, as a result of the minimum separation of ownership and control, firms would experience misuse of power by dominant shareholders. For an instance, little transparency over company’s operations and potential misuse of funds would be unavoidable. Concentration of ownership and control in a small group of dominating shareholders could result in weak investor protection for minority shareholders. [Solommon,2007] Shareholder method Under the shareholder model of corporate governance, majority of large firms are controlled by managers but primarily owned by outside shareholders. Development of agency problem occurred, due to this separation of ownership and control between firm’s managers and owners. Even though internal managers are responsible for business operations, shareholder voting rights provide them with some indirect control over the operations of the firm. Widely distributed ownership in shareholder method offers stronger protection for investors and shareholder democracy.Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Concepts Spread Through National And Cultural Boundaries Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagesview that contains believes and the distribution of power in corporations and in the general society (Meyer, 2007) . Using the political approach to institutional change requires a lot of tracking in the changing factors in the competing issues. In order to track the competing issues we study the issue fields of the relevant actors that take part in joint activities. The different ways of giving meaning to shareholder value are explained in the institutional logic in this study. These include the following;Read MoreDo All Companies Have The Same Governance Requirements?1117 Words   |  5 PagesDo all companies have the same governance requirements? Do all companies have the same governance requirements? The Corporations Law, the AICD and the ASX all follow the same line on governance of companies. All companies are the same. They may be small or large, listed or private, closely held or widely held, have a single employee or 50,000 employees, but a single model of governance applies to them all. But is this true of closely held companies established for PPP investments in infrastructureRead MoreEssay On Corporate Governance1029 Words   |  5 Pagescode by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2000 (CBN, 2006) to deal with corporate governance practices in Nigerian financial institutions. Nevertheless, lessons from the corporate collapses and also losses in the last couple of years with respect relative to banks like Intercontinental Bank Plc, Bank PHB Plc, Societe General Bank, Afri-Bank Plc as well as Oceanic Bank Plc have actually highlighted the function, corporate governance techniques could play in keeping viable organizations and in protectingRead MoreCode Of Conduct Through Their Own Behavior1408 Words   |  6 Pageswavering of provisions of the company s code of ethics relating to conflicts of interest, especially as it applies to executive leadership and their Boards of Directors. Having a strong set of ethics in place by no means does not guarantee one that corporate misconduct will not occur in the workplace however, it is a strong gauge and reminder that there are certain standards that one must follow and at the same time a reminder of what will happen if you deter from them. Just know that just with havingRead MoreDo All Companies Have The Same Governance Requirements?1133 Words   |  5 Pagesall companies have the same governance requirements? The Corporations Law, the AICD and the ASX all follow the same line on governance of companies. All companies are the same – they may be small or large, listed or private, closely held or widely held, have a single employee or 50,000 employees, but the governance is constrained within the same model. But is this true of closely held companies established for PPP investments in infrastructure? The complex governance structures typical of infrastructureRead MoreThe Strengths And Weakness Of Clinical Governance Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesthe strengths and weakness of clinical governance in relation to medicinal aspect and how it is reflected by writer’s experience as a medical officer. Writer believes that discussion of the concepts of governance and management is important for this report. As history always plays a vital part in any area, therefore contemporary health service delivery of New Zealand is discussed with its brief history. Writer has also differentiated the between governance and management which is very important toRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Corporate And Management Strategies Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction- An Overview It is a viable alternative to apply CSR in Corporate and management strategies to outclass competing companies. An organization by carrying out its ethical principles and convictions in their activities and propagating them via organizational network influences the relationship with shareholders, clients and employees. The application of CSR can lead to social benefits and legitimacy for the firm since it can consider itself as a coalition in which the different stakeholdersRead MoreGlencore Case Study1524 Words   |  7 Pagesat the moment of the mergers; in the case of Glencore and Xstrata merge, the problem that I this paper will focus is the integration difficulties between these two companies – disparate corporate cultures including unethical practices-. Some of the integration challenges might include: Melding two disparate corporate cultures, Linking different financial and control systems, Building effective working relationships (different managers styles), Resolving problems regarding the status of the newly acquiredRead MoreGlencore, Xstrata and the Restructuring of the Global Copper Mining Industry1524 Words   |  7 Pagesat the moment of the mergers; in the case of Glencore and Xstrata merge, the problem that I this paper will focus is the integration difficulties between these two companies – disparate corporate cultures including unethical practices-. Some of the integration challenges might include: Melding two disparate corporate cultures, Linking different financial and control systems, Building effective working relationships (different managers styles), Resolving problems regarding the status of the newly acquiredRead MoreSt. Vincent Medical Center1081 Words   |  5 Pagesand has several mandatory programs for employees that include: relationship-based care and high reliability. As a Magnet designated organization, the nursing professional practice model is well defined, and facilitated through shared governance councils ( St. Vincent’s Medical Center, 2012). The nursing leadership model is traditional with the exceptions of the (CNO) who also act as the chief operating officer (COO). There are NVP that are assigned to each service line, as well as a nurse director

Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury And Oryx And Crake

Having a family bond is important to the structure of society because people crave attention and the feeling of being cared for. In the novels Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and Oryx and Crake by Margot Atwood, the importance of strong family ties is massively irrelevant due to the fact that the characters in each novel are given the illusion of actual feelings and relationships. Both stories show that family is not important to have a happy life. In Fahrenheit 451, the story takes place in a dystopian society where firemen instead of putting out fire, makes fire by burning books. The main character Montag is a fireman and meets a girl named Clarisse and made him start to question his life. In Oryx and Crake, the story takes place in a society where technology runs society. The main character Jimmy learns to live life the hard way and met a person named Crake who becomes the smarts of society. Jimmy and Crake met a girl named Oryx through technology and their life becomes unraveled w hen they graduate from college. Technology affects family ties by promoting ways to separate people away from their family. In Fahrenheit 451, Mildred, the wife of Montag, doesn’t care about anyone, all she does is just living in the moment. Mildred took all of her pills to sleep and when Montag went home and saw her pill bottle empty. Montag yelled at Mildred by saying, ‘The pill bottle was empty.’ ‘I wouldn’t do a thing like that. Why would I do a thing like that?’ she said. ‘Maybe you tookShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury And Oryx And Crake By Margaret Atwood1660 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the novels, Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury and Oryx and Crake written by Margaret Atwood, family plays a large role in the flow of the plot. It is throughout both novels where one can see how great an effect familial ties and expression have on the way a single family works and how these workings are a smaller reflection of what society sees as its average. Without family structure and a way for one to express themselves society woul d not be able to function. What is the trueRead MoreOryx And Crake And Fahrenheit 451 Analysis803 Words   |  4 Pagessome of them being Fahrenheit 451 and Oryx and Crake. These are two distinct novels with many dissimilarities, yet they share common similarities within them, both carrying parallel themes. Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury paints a dystopian future where the government has forbidden books and orders them to be burned through the work of fireman. These firemen include the likes of Guy Montag, who begins to question his life after an encounter with his young neighbor. Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood

International Economics Paper Wal Mart Essay - 1269 Words

International Economics Paper Name Institution Outline 1. Introduction 2. President and Congress 3. The Federal Reserve 4. What motivates policymakers to stimulate or contract the economy? 5. Effect of Strength of other Economies on the Organization 6. Recommendations 7. Conclusion 8. References Introduction Wal-Mart is an American-based retailing company that has ventured into the international market with the aim of taking over some of the emerging markets across the globe. The company has dominated the local market in the United States, and it is looking to dominate the international market by providing consumers with some of the cheapest alternatives to the products purchased on a daily basis. It follows that Wal-Mart is among the companies that are always complaining when the economy of the United States weakens. A weaker dollar lowers the profit margins of the company because its supply chain is based overseas; hence, the purchasing power of the company decreases. This implies that when the economy is weak, Wal-Mart spends more dollars to acquire products. This paper looks into some of the fundamental principles applied by the authorities to stimulate or weaken the economy, with a close focus on the effects of these strategies on Wal-Mart. President and Congress The president and Congress stimulate the economy by employing short-term measures, which mainly involve momentary fiscal expansion. The president and Congress propose theShow MoreRelatedFinancial Outcomes Paper1567 Words   |  7 PagesWeek 2: Financial Outcomes Paper FIN/419 April 6, 2011 Week 2: Financial Outcomes Paper - Wal-Mart Financial Initiative Wal-Mart, a fortune 500 company, has thousands of stores in many countries around the world. Michael T. Duke, President and Chief Executive Officer of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. expresses one financial priority of Wal-Mart as growth. Growth: We will continue to grow around the world. 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Percentage Sales Method Essay Sample free essay sample

– Determine the year-to-year per centum one-year growing in entire net gross revenues Year Gross saless Growth2000 $ 11. 0622001 $ 11. 933 ( 11933-11062 ) *100/11062 = 7. 87 %2002 $ 9. 181 ( 9181-11933 ) *100/11933 = -23. 06 %2003 $ 6. 141 = -33. 11 %2004 $ 8. 334 = 35. 71 % – Based merely on your reply to inquiry # 1. do you believe the company will hit its gross revenues end of +10 % one-year gross growing in 2005? Determine you target gross figure. and explicate why you do or make non experience that the company can hit this mark. The mark figure would be 10 % more than $ 8. 334 ; that is. $ 9. 167. It seems improbable that the company will be able to accomplish its gross revenues end. The lone important big growing rate happened in 2004. while during the old 3 old ages it was either a spot smaller than 10 % ( in 2001 ) or strongly negative ( in 2002 and 2003 ) . So the tendency in gross revenues is still indicating down. In fact. if we find the mean growing rate. we find that it’s been -3. 5 % since 2001. So I believe. based entirely on gross revenues informations. We will write a custom essay sample on Percentage Sales Method Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page that the company will non be able to increment its gross revenues by 10 % in 2005. Question 2 – Use the Percentage Gross saless Method and a 20 % addition in gross revenues to forcast Apples’ Consolidated Statement of Operations for the period of September 26. 2004 through Setemeber 25. 2005. Assume a 15 % revenue enhancement rate and reconstituting cost of 2 % of the new gross revenues figure In order to reply this inquiry. we need to: 1 ) Find the gross revenues figure prognosis.2 ) Find what per centum of the gross revenues represent the different points in the provided 2003-2004 statement.3 ) Apply that per centum to the forecasted gross revenues in order to happen the estimated value of the other points in the statement for 2004-2005. The first measure is easy. Since gross revenues were $ 8. 334. so the prognosis for following twelvemonth is 20 % more than that figure ; that is. $ 10. 000. 80. So here’s the statement. including the per centum of gross revenues each of the points represent and how to cipher it: Current % of gross revenues 2004/05 estimation Gross saless $ 8. 334 — $ 10. 000 Cost of Gross saless $ 5. 458 5458*100/8334= 65. 5 % 65. 5 % of 10000 = $ 6. 550 Gross Margin $ 2. 876 2876*100/8334= 34. 5 % 34. 5 % of 10000 = $ 3. 450 R A ; D $ 525 525*100/8334= 6. 3 % 6. 3 % of 10000 = $ 630 S. G and A $ 691 691*100/8334= 8. 3 % $ 830 In proc R A ; D — — — Restruct cost — — 2 % of 10000 = $ 200 Op Expenses $ 1. 216 — 630 + 830 + 200= $ 1. 660 Op Income $ 1. 660 — 3450 – 1660= $ 1. 790 Interest amp ; other $ 194 194*100/8334= 2. 32 % 2. 32 % of 10000= $ 232 Inc before revenue enhancements $ 1. 854 — 1790 + 232 = $ 2. 022 Taxes ( 15 % ) $ 278. 10 — 15 % of 2022 = $ 303. 3 Net Income $ 1. 575. 90 — 2022 – 303. 3 = $ 1. 718. 7 Notice that I didn’t cipher the per centum of the gross revenues for many of the points. This is merely because these points are computations done with other points. so it makes no sense to utilize the per centum of gross revenues. Specifically. we have the undermentioned relationships: Op Expenses = â€Å"R A ; D† + â€Å"S. G and A† + â€Å"Restruct cost†Op Income = â€Å"Gross Margin† – â€Å"Op Expenses†Inc before revenue enhancements = â€Å"Op Income† + â€Å"Interest A ; other income†Taxes = 15 % of â€Å"Inc before taxes†Net Income = â€Å"Inc before taxes† – â€Å"Taxes† – Discuss you consequences from qustion # 1. What premises have you made? Do any of your premises seem unreasonable? The per centum gross revenues method itself can be unrealistic. In peculiar. I would anticipate costs to be higher than predicted by this method. Probably. such growing rate would necessitate spread outing the house. engaging new workers. etc. all of which would hold higher initial costs than the predicted by the per centum method. Besides. increasing the gross revenues could necessitate the gap of new markets ( selling new merchandises. or in different geographical locations. etc ) . which could temporarily hike the cost of gross revenues ( as the house makes errors because it has no experience in bring forthing the new merchandises ) . or the merchandising costs ( marketing runs need to be done in metropoliss where the merchandise is non yet known ) . etc. So I would anticipate these costs. in 2005 and for some old ages to come. to stand for a higher per centum of the gross revenues than the 1s predicted by the per centum gross revenues method.

Gap analysis of Nestle and Amul

Question: How to examine and present the GAP analysis of Nestle and Amul? Explain. Answer: The main purpose of the report is to examine and present the GAP analysis of Nestle and Amul and then give recommendations on how can they improve the performance. Gap analysis is the comparison of actual performance with the potential or desired performance. The aim to conduct the gap analysis is to ensure that the company utilizes its resources fully for its benefit. It is a project management tool used to meet the objectives of the project. Gap Analysis of Nestle: Criteria As- Is To- Be Product Quality The product quality of Milkmaid as well as other products that are sold by the company is premium and so the products are much more expensive than that of the local products in the market of India The company Nestle must be able to sell the products in the market of India and for this the prices must be set at par with the local products so that the company is able to capture a large market share Level of familiarity The company Nestle is not an Indian product the company is based in Switzerland so many of the consumers in India are not familiar with the products The company Nestle must make the product familiar among the people of India as they are not much ready to accept a new product in the market Demand for the Product The demand for the product by Nestle is very less as this is a foreign product and people they are likely to avoid it treating it an product that is used by the upper class of the Indian society The company need to see that the product is a more familiar in the Indian household. Nutrient potentiality of the product There is a lack in the quality of the product that is produced by Nestle. There is a need to enrich the quality of the product so that the taste and preferences is as per the Indian consumers. Sales of the Product The sales in the developing countries are restricted. The share in the developed country is more than the undeveloped country The company want to cover the entire market in India so that it can increase the sales of the product in the country Recommendation for improving the gap of Nestle Company: The company Nestle is a foreign company and so they need to market the product in the country India so that they are aware of the product like Milkmaid, which also has a close substitute that is sold by the rival company Amul. The company is taking up steps to make the brand aware to through some impressive guest content. A brand with a very attractive content will make a powerful impact on the customers and they would be able to get more benefits from the product (Kelly, 2011). The company can use the Info graphics so that the brand is represented in terms of the bright and colourful displays. This will be helpful in making the product to be shared across a wider audience. This will be a great tool for brand building and for leading in the market (Jolibert, 2012). Since the company is, a Switzerland based company and to make it familiar with the Indian audiences there is a need for the company to go for local partnerships. The company when partners with the local business can hold some seminars and festivals. When Nestle they try to sponsor the local projects or donates in charity then they can gather the trust of the people (Chernev, 2012). This is an ideal way through which different age groups they are aware of the products. The company can put pictures or videos to provide a description of the newly launched product (Drucker, 2012). Recommendation for improving the gap of Amul: The production amount by the company Amul is not sufficient to cater the demand there is a need for the company to upgrade the technology standards, making changes in the system of the management and many more (Haugen, Reed, Gotzhein, 2013). The issues that is related to the quality of the product can be also resolved through the when there is use of good quality resources for the product. There is a need for a quality assessment stage before the product is taken into consideration in the market. The quality can be improved if there is dedication and commitment towards their goals and the objectives (Kim, 2012). When there is tracking of the quality, there is a need for the company Amul to define properly the quality. The process of manufacturing should involve the statistical quality control (Chemuturi, 2011). The way to get the measurement of the satisfaction of the customers is through the net promoter score. The department of quality control will be able carry out a quality move ment when there are trained experts who would be to towards improvement of the quality and ameliorate problems. Training would be taking into account multiple dimensions. The new employees they need to be trained for focusing on the quality (Hooley, Piercy, Nicoulaud, 2012). Whether the duties training provided to employees or whether the management takes into account personally is very important for the workers to realise the history of the company through the lens of the quality. The workers should be able to understand the difficulties that the company has faced in the past and the way the problem was corrected through maintaining of the product quality. There is a need for the company Amul to market its product in India as well as abroad. The marketing expenditure is very poor by the company this needs to be boosted so that the products are available in every corner of the country India (Penaloza, Toulouse, Visconti, 2012). Conclusion Since Amul is, a cooperative-society so expansion becomes quite costly so there is a need for the government for providing sufficient amount of subsidies. When the company offers some free things with the product then they are always in demand. Nestle would also be using the similar strategy so that they are able to target different segments of the market. The best way through which the company can market the product in a much wider range to the audiences is through the social media. References: Chemuturi, M. (2011).Mastering software quality assurance. Fort Lauderdale, Fla.: J. Ross Pub. Chernev, A. (2012).Strategic marketing management. [Chicago, Ill.]: Cerebellum Press. Drucker, P. (2012).Technology, Management and Society. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Haugen, ., Reed, R., Gotzhein, R. (2013).System analysis and modeling. Berlin: Springer. Hooley, G., Piercy, N., Nicoulaud, B. (2012).Marketing strategy competitive positioning. Harlow, England: Pearson Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Jolibert, A. (2012).Marketing management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Kelly, D. (2007).Applying quality management in healthcare. Chicago, Ill.: Health Administration Press. Kim, H. (2012).Advances in technology and management. Berlin: Springer. Kotler, P. Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Penaloza, L., Toulouse, N., Visconti, L. (2012).Marketing management. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.